Extraction of Critical Raw Materials using Thermochemical and Biological Methods

The extraction of critical raw materials (CRMs) using thermochemical and biological methods offers sustainable alternatives to traditional mining and refining processes. Thermochemical methods, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and roasting, use high temperatures to break down complex materials—like electronic waste or ores—allowing valuable metals to be separated and recovered efficiently. Biological methods, including bioleaching and biosorption, employ microorganisms or biomolecules to selectively dissolve or capture target elements from waste streams or low-grade ores under mild environmental conditions. Combining these two approaches can enhance recovery rates, reduce energy consumption, and minimize environmental impact, supporting the transition toward a circular and resource-efficient economy.